;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;Ldf
Nlntaxfb'/ a:g]t
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eg]sf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/sf] k|of]u xf]
eg] ;+zf]wg eg]sf] k|Tofof]lht clwsf/nfO{ ;+j}wflgs ;Ldfleq k|of]u ul/g] clwsf/
xf]. ;+ljwfgsf] ;do cgsn ;+zf]wg u/]/ / cbfntn] cu|ufdL >Ldfg\sf] km};nf
jf JofVofåf/f ;+ljwfgnfO{ hLjGt ug{ ;lsG5. ;+;+bsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf / dfGo
;+ljwfgjfbsf] ;Ldf tyf dof{bfaLr ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] 6s/fj b]lvG5. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ljlw tyf k|ls|ofnfO{ k|fljlws
kIf tyf / ;f/et kIf, h;nfO{ ;+ljwfgljbx?n] ;flxlTo ?kdf :jLrd]g l;4fGt,
h;df ;+zf]wg ;f/et
?kdf xf]Og ls ljz'4 k|ls|ofut ?kdf dfq x]l/g'k5{. h:t} 6]«gnfO{ :jLrd]gn] h:t} lnsdf ;jf/ ug]{ ;+s]t ug]{
Goflos cfwf/sf] l;4fGtn] ;+zf]wgsf k|ls|ofn] ;f/et l;4fGtnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ kfOFb}g. g]kfndf gofF ;+ljwfg
n]vgsf] l;l;nl;nf rln/x]sf] ;Gbe{df o;tkm{ b[li6 k'¥ofpg h?/L 5.
;+zf]wg M ;+zf]wgsf] ljlw / dfGotfsf b'O{ k|ls|of 5g\. ;+ljwfgn] g} oL oL ljifodf ;+zf]wg
ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ug]{ / cbfntn] JofVofåf/f ;+zf]wgdf k|ltaGw nufpg], cf}krfl/s
?kdf ;+j}wflgs zfZjt l;4fGt Joj:yf, h:t} hd{g ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f, k|mfG;sf]
wf/f, 6sL{sf] wf/f, a|flhnsf] wf/f, gj]{sf] wf/f !!@ n] ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf tyf
;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf l;4fGtx?sf] ljk/Lt ;+zf]wg ug{ g;lsg] egL lj:t[t ?kdf zfZjt
l;4fGtnfO{ :yfg lbPsf] b]lvG5. Eff/t, hd{g / 6sL{sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lnlvt ?kd} ;+ljwfgdf ;f/et
;Ldf geP klg cbfntn] ;Ldf
JofVofåf/f tL ;Ldfx? ;+zf]wgdf
tf]lslbPsf] 5.
c;+j}wflgs ;+zf]wgsf cEof; M
hd{gLdf jfOd/
l/klAnskl5 s]xL zfZjt l;4fGtnfO{ ckl/jt{g
agfOof]. ;g\ !(## df /fli6«o ;dfhjfbL ;Qfdf cfPkl5 ;a} ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf Wj:t kfl/of].
jfOd/ ;+ljwfgdf w]/} kl/jt{g u/L ;+ljwfgsf] cl:tTj g} vtd kfl/of]. ;DejtM
k|ydk6s hd{gLsf] ;+3Lo ;+j}wflgs cbfntn] ;g\ !(%! Dff ;fpy j]:6 :6]6df cfwf/et
;+/rgfsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] xf]. To;df wf/f ! / @) ljkl/t ;+ljwfg
;+zf]wg ug{ gkfOg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5.
Eff/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^* n] ;+;+bnfO{
;+ljwfgsf]
;+zf]wg ug{] clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5. Eff/tdf ;+;+b
jf cbfntsf] åGåaLr of] cfwf/et ;+/rgf k|ltkfbg
u/]sf] 5.
o;df
ljz]ifu/L ;fj{ef}lds, k|hftflGqs, / wd{lg/k]Iftf ;lxtsf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf, sfg'gsf] zf;g, :jtGq Gofokflnsf /
df}lns clwsf/x?nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5. cfwf/et ;+/rgfsf] l;4fGtsf
;'qfwf/ hd{g
k|f]km];/ tyf sfg'gljb sf]g/f8 x'g\, h;n] !(^% km]a|'c/Ldf ef/t, agf/;sf] lxGb'
ljZjljBfnodf ;+zf]wgsf]
clwsf/df cGt/lglxt l;dfÍgaf/] sfo{s|d k|:t't u/]sf lyP. ef/tsf]
;+ljwfg aGg'eGbf ^ dlxgfcl3 - d] *, !($(_ df
hd{gLsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] xf], h;df cfwf/e't l;4fGtx?nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ g;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof]. t/ Tof] Joj:yf Eff/tLo ;+ljwfgdf /flvPg. ;+zf]wgsf] ;Ldfsf ;DaGwdf
sf]g/f8n] o;/L k|Zg u/]sf lyP.
!_ Eff/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^* cg';f/ bO{ ltxfOn] wf/f ! kl/jt{g u/L
Eff/tnfO{ b'O{ efu lxGb':tfg / tfldngf8'df ljefhg u¥of] eg] s] ug{] <
@_ bO{ ltxfOsf] andf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] clwsf/
k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6kltdf x'g] egL ;+zf]wg u¥of] eg] s] ug{] <
#_ ;+zf]wgn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! cg';f/ dflg;sf] lhpg kfpg] clwsf/df
kl/jt{g u¥of] eg] s]
ug{] <
$_ ;+zf]wgdfkm{t ;+ljwfg g} vf/]h jf k'gM n]Vg] u¥of] eg] s] ug{] <
hd{gdf gfhL kf6L{ tyf lx6n/n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] clwsf/ b'?kof]u u/L s;/L jfOd/ ;+ljwfg / u0ftGqnfO{ cjd"Nog u/L lg/+s'z aGb} ;+ljwfg Wj:t kf/] eGg] b[i6fGt cufl8 ;fb}{ sf]g/f8n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]
;Ldf tf]Sg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf cufl8 ;f/]sf x'g\. cfZro{sf] s'/f, gj]{sf] ;g\ !*!$
;+ljwfg, h'g clxn];Dd nfu' 5, n] rflxF cfwf/e"t l;4fGt ckgfPsf] /x]5. Af|flhnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo
/fli6«o, :jtGq lgjf{rg / JolQmut :jtGqnfO{ ckl/jt{gLo agfOPsf] 5.
;+ljwfgn] cfkm\gf] wf/fsf] hGd,
d[To' tyf :j?k kl/jt{gsf] 3f]if0ff k|ls|of ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgdfkm{t u/]sf] x'G5.
t/ s]xL o:tf l;4fGtx?, d"No / dfGotfx?nfO{ ;+zf]wgsf] k|ls|of aflx/
/flvPsf] x'G5. OleG8 l:dy eG5g\ olb s]xL d"No / dfGotfx?nfO{ c;+zf]wgLo
agfOPg eg] ;+ljwfgsf] hLjgnfO{ g} vt/f k'U5 / ;+zf]wgdfkm{t gofF zlStsf] pbo
x'G5.
cfwf/ / sf/0fx? M c;+zf]wgLo
k|fjwfgx?nfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf tyf ljutsf] cg'ejnfO{
Wofg lbP/ ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5. h:t} hd{gdf lx6n/sf]
h:tf] cTofrf/ km]/L gbf]xf]l/of];\ eg]/ / 6sL{df /fli6«o rl/q tyf Pstf ;+s6df k/]sf]n] wd{lg/k]If rl/qnfO{ c;+zf]wgLo agfOPsf]
xf]. slxn]sflx ax'dtsf] gfddf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgn]
dfgjLo ljj]s u'dfPsf] x'G5. h:t} cd]l/sfdf
u[xo'4sf] ;dodf bf;k|yf cGTo ug{ gkfOg] egL ;+zf]wg ul/Psf lyof], h'g ax'dtsf]
gfddf cljj]sL
lg0f{o lyof]. Eff/tdf OlGb/f ufGwLaf6 ;g\ !(&% df ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff
ul/Pkl5 t wf/f @( adf]lhdsf] JolQmut :jtGqnfO{ klg cfwf/e't ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf Joj:yf u/L oL
clwsf/ s'g} xfntdf lgnDag ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf u/LPsf] 5.
o;af6 b]lvG5 ls ax'dt tyf b'O{ ltxfOsf] gfddf ;+j}wflgs d"No /
dfGotfx?nfO{ s'Nrg kfOFb}g. dfgf}, s'g} kf6L{n] ;+;+bsf] lgjf{rgdf b'O{ ltxfO
Nofof], ;+;+b / /fi6klt kfFr jif{sf nflu lgjf{rg eP, b'O{ ltxfO NofPsf]
kf6L{n] cfkm} ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/L ;+;+b / /fi6kltsf] Dofb kfFr jif{eGbf
a9fpg ;S5 jf ;Sb}g< o:t} k|sf/sf
:jfy{k"0f{ b'?kof]unfO{ /f]Sg g} cfwf/e't l;4fGtsf] k|of]u clgjfo{ dflgPsf] xf]. h:t} hd{gdf ;g\ !(##
df gfhL kf6L{ tyf lx6n/n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] clwsf/ b'?kof]u u/L jfOd/ ;+ljwfg /
u0ftGqnfO{ cjd"Nog ub}{ lg/+s'ztf nfb]. cfwf/e't l;4fGtsf] hGd gfhL zf;gsf] aa{/ Jojxf/sf] sf/0f ca cfOGbf o:tf
cdfgjLo s[ofsnfk s;}af6 gbf]/Lo
lj/f6gu/, lgs} sd k|fljlws hgzlSt ePsfn] k"j{df ls;fgn] k|fljlws
;]jf kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\. ;/sf/n] s[lif/\ pTkfbgnfO{ a9fjf lbg] eg] klg cfjZos
k|fljlws gx'Fbf ls;fgx?n] nufPsf] afnLaf6 nfut d"No;d]t c;'nL ug{ sl7g
kg]{ k/]sf] 5.
k'j{sf !^ lhNnfdf hDdf k|fljlwssf] b/aGbL sl/a $ ;o %) dfq 5. To;df klg
b'u{d If]qdf a:g gdfGbf / kx'Frsf e/df ;'ljwf;DkGg 7fpFdf dfq a:g] k|rngn] ls;fgn] rfx]sf] a]nf k|fljlws
kfpg sl7g 5.
If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno lj/f6gu/sf cg';f/ k"jf~rndf Pp6f
k|fljlwsnfO{ sl/a b'O{ xhf/ ls;fgsf 3/ efudf k5{g\. of] If]qdf ( nfv &$
xhf/ & ;o ^% x]S6/ hldg v]tLof]Uo 5. of] If]qdf ( nfv ^! xhf/ #%! Kfl/jf/
s[lif k];fdf nfu]sf] tYof+s If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno;Fu 5 t/ s[lif k|fljlwssf]
;+Vof eg] $ ;o %) dfq 5.
bzscl3 ;Dd !& j6f ;]jfs]Gb| / pks]Gb| /x]sf] df]/
lhNnfdf clxn] $ j6f dfq 5g\. of] lhNnfdf k|fljlws #) hgf 5g\. olb
/fd|f];Fu eg]sf] ;dodf ls;fgnfO{ k|fljlws ;Nnfx lbg] xf] eg] ! ;o %) eGbf a9L
cfjZos kg]{ afnL ;+/If0f clws[t ;fu/k|;fb e6\6/fO{ atfpF5g\. ls;fgnfO{ cfkt
k/]/ k|fljlwssf] vf]hLdf lg:sG5, p;s} cufl8 7Ugsf nflu bnfn al;/x]sf] x'G5,
ls;fg To;s} kmGbfdf k5{g\, pgn] eg], clg k};fdfq xf]Og afnL g} gi6 x'G5. of]
If]qdf !^ j6f lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{noafx]s ($ ;]jfs]Gb| / @( ;Dks{ :yn 5g\.
t/fO{sf lhNnfdf $ j6f ;]jfs]Gb|, dWo kxf8df ^ / pRr kxf8L lhNnfdf $ j6f
;]jfs]Gb /x]sf 5g\. h;sf sf/0f rfx]/ klg k|fljlwsnfO{ ls;fgsf] 3/;Dd k'of{pg
;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno clws[t z]/axfb'/ b]jfg atfpF5g\. Pp6f
uflj;df Ps k|fljlws cfjZos k5{ t/ oxfF Pp6fn] !@ j6f;Dd uflj; x]g'{kg]{ cj:yf
5, pgn] eg] o:tf] cj:yf ;]jf lbg ;Sg] s'/f cfpFb}g.
oftfoft ;'ljwf gePsf kxf8L lhNnfdf Pp6f j8faf6 csf]{df k'Ug Ps lbg
lx+8g'kg]{ afWotf 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf Pp6f k|fljlws !@ j6f;Dd uflj;df Eofpg d'l:sn
x'g] b]jfgsf] egfO 5. cfjZostf / dfucg';f/ k|fljlws gx'Fbf sfd ug{dfq c;lhnf]
ePsf] xf]Og pTkfbg;d]t 36\g] u/]sf] pgn] atfP.
s]xL jif{cl3;Dd dWokxf8L lhNnfx?df !! j6f / t/fO{df !@ j6f ;]jfs]Gb| lyP.
;/sf/n] cfly{s ef/ a9]sf] eGb} ;]jfs]Gb|sf] ;+Vof 36fPsf] lyof]. s[lifk|wfg
b]zdf lagfk|fljlws ls;fgx? afnL nufP/ x/]s ;fn cfDbfgLsf] ;f6f] pTkfbg nfut;d]t
afWo 5g\.
kfNkf, cfkm\g} ;Lk / ldlxg]taf6 %) ckf+u :j/f]huf/ 5g\.
pgLx?n] 3/]n' ;fdu|L agfpg] / las|L ug]{ u5{g\. kfFr jif{cl3 b]lv
dbgkf]v/fsf] cf?vs{df yfn]sf] ;fd"lxs sfdaf6 clxn] dfl;s nfv ?k}ofeGbf a9L
cfDbfgL u/]sf 5g\. pgLx?n] z"Go nufgLdf cfkm\gf] ;LknfO{ ;'?jft u/]sf
x'g\.
3/]n' ;fdu|L ;fa'g, afF;sf] d'9f, 8f]sf], cu/aTtL nufotsf ;fdu|L lgdf{0f
u5{g\. l;h{gzLn ckf+u :jfjnDag s]Gbn] o:tf] cj;/ h'6fPsf] xf]. sltkon] k9fO;Fu}
d'9f, df]daTtL, cu/aTtL agfpg] ;Lk l;s]sf 5g\. d'lu{ofsL uLtf cof{nn] elgg\,
cWoog;Fu} ;Lk l;s]sf 5f}. zf/Ll/s ckf+utf ePsfx? oxFf 5g\. s]xLn] cfFvf
b]Vb}gg\ eg] sltkon] sfgn] ;'Gb}gg\. sxLn] 3/]n' ;fdu|L pTkfbg;Fu} pRr lzIff
cWoog u/]sf 5g\. xfdLn] s]xL ug{ ;Sb}gf} h:tf] nfUYof] pgLx? eGg] u5{g\, clxn]
lgs} v';L 5f}+.
;Lk klg l;Sb} / k9fOnfO{ klg lg/Gt/tf lb+b} cfPsf 5f}+. Dbgkf]v/fsf],
cf?vs{ / tfg;]gsf] sfhLkf}jf 5fqfjf;df ljleGg k|s[ltsf ckf+utf ePsf %) hgfn]
;Lk l;Sg] / k9fOnfO{;d]t lg/Gt/tf lbg] u/]sf 5g\.
ckf+utf ePs} sf/0f ;dfhdf x]lkP/, blaP/ a:g'eGbf o;/L ;Lk l;s] eg]
:j/f]huf/ aGg ;S5g\ s]Gb|sf ;+:yfks cWoIf ;GbLk e6\6/fO{ eg], ToxL eP/ gofF
;f]+r ag]sf] xf]. sIff !! / !@ df gf}, :gftsdf kfFr / :s"n txdf cWoog ug]{
u5{g\. cf?vs{df a:g] #% dWo] sxLn] bds8f pRr dfljdf cWoog u5{g\.
pgLx?nfO{ ljb]zL gful/s l8lUjn] ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\. t/ ;xof]u kof{Kt
gePsfn] ;d:o} 5 pgn] eg]. Tfg;]g, /fDbL, cfo{eGHof, :ofhfsf] uNof;Dd k'u]/
;fdfg las|L
ug{] u/]sf 5g\.
cfFvfsf] Hof]lt u'dfPsfx?n] dfl;s cfDbfgLaf6 cfkm"x?n] ;~rfng
u/]sf] pb\of]unfO{ cfjZos kg]{ $) nfv a/fa/sf] d]l;g/L ;fdu|L;d]t hf]8\g ;kmn
ePsf 5g\. kfNkf, :ofªhf, u'NdL / ?kGb]xL, slknj:t', Ko"7fgaf6 cfPsf ckf+utf
ePsfx?n] pb\ofusf] sfd Jojl:yt kfg{ sfdnfO{ afF8kmfF8 u/]sf 5g\.
ckf+un] pTkfbg u/]sf] ;fdu|L las|L ug{ s'g} ;d:of 5}g. u|fxssf] /fd|f]
cfsif{0f 5. j:t' u'0f:t/Lo ePsfn] ahf/df las|L ug{ vf;} ;d:of gePsf] s]Gb|sf
;b:o g/axfb'/ s'df/n] atfP. Uf|fxsaf6 clxn];Dd s'g} u'gf;f] cfPsf] 5}g pgn]
yk].
sf7df8f} efO6Lsfsf] cl3Nnf] lbg / ef]lnkN6 ePsf 5'6\6f5'6\6} b'3{6gfdf
@% hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] 5. IfdtfeGbf a9L ofq' af]s]sf] ;jf/L ;8saf6 v:bf
cf]vn9'+ufdf cfOtaf/ ( hgf / g'jfsf]6df z's|af/ !$ hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] xf]. cf]vn9'+uf
;+jfbbftf s'De/fh /fO{sf cg';f/ 7"nf5fk uflj;sf] lgz+v]af6 ;b/d'sftkm{
cfO/x]sf] af%r
%(&% gDa/sf] lhk l;l4r/0f gu/kflnsf !! l:yt a/af]6]df ;8saf6 b'O{
;o ld6/ tn v:bf & hgfsf] 36gf:ynd} / @ hgfsf] pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfn n}hfFb}
ubf{ d[To' ePsf] xf].
d[To x'g]df 7"nf5fk & sf dl0f/fd
e6\6/fO{, 7"nf5fk * sf t]haxfb'/ a:g]t, /fdKof/L a:g]t, bf]lxgL e6\6/fO{,
7"nf5fk % sf ;l/tf v8\sf, 6Lsf a:g]t, rf]n]Gb| vqL, k|fKrf % sL
cK;/f bfxfn / afS;f ( sf rfns dgs'df/ /fO{
5g\.
cf]vn9'+uf ;fd'bflos c:ktfn ld;g k'of{OPsf
3fOt] !^ dWo] l;ls:t tLg hgfnfO{ x]lnsK6/af6 sf7df8f}+ n}hfg] tof/L ePsf]
k|x/Ln hgfPsf] 5. IfdtfeGbf a9L ofq' af]s]sf]
lhkn] psfnf]df tfGg g;s]/ klN6Psf] x'g ;S5 k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs 8Da/ ljsn] eg].
lhNnfsf ;f+;b /fdxl/ vltj8fn= d[tssf] Ifltk'lt{ / 3fOt]sf] pkrf/ vr{ a]xf]g{
;/sf/;Fu dfu u/]sf 5g\.
g'jfsf]6 ;+jfbbftf k|sfz clwsf/Lsf cg';f/
efO6Lsfsf nflu /fhwfgLaf6 ufFp kms]{sf ofq' lnP/ /;'jfsf] :ofk|'ma];Ltkm{
uO/x]sf] af@v @@^^ gDa/sf] a; a]Nsf]6 % sf] cf/af]6]df ;8saf6 8]9 ;o ld6/ tn
v:bf tLg ljb]zL gful/s;lxt !$ hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] xf]. 36gf:ynd} & hgf /
pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfn nluPsfdWo] lqz'nL c:ktfndf @ hgf, lu|gl;6Ldf Ps hgf / lqlj
lzIf0f c:ktfn dxf/fhuGhdf $ hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof].
Hofg u'dfpg]df sf7df8f}+sf] dgd}h'sL #$
jifL{of gfgLd}of
Gof}kfg], !^ jifL{o k|zfGt Gof}kfg], $) jifL{o u+uf ltjf/L, /;'jf
ef]n]{ % sf #@ jifL{o /fh' lyª ef]n]{ $ sf @@ jifL{of nIdL 3nfg, ef]n]{ $ s} !(
jifL{o dx]z 3nfg, g'jfsf]6 bfªl;ª $ sf $)
jifL{of ljdnf tfdfª, u]v'{sf !@ jifL{of
sl/gf If]i7, l;Gw'kfNrf]s 7"nf]kf]v/sf ^) jifL{o lji0f's'df/ tfdfª,
cf]vn9'ªf kftn] & sf %$ jifL{o anaxfb'/ ;'gf/ / cf]vn9'ªf # sf @@ jifL{o
t]lGhª z]kf{ /x]sf] k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs c?0f kf}8]nn]] atfP. o:t} d[To' ePsf
ljb]zLdf Oh/fonL gful/sx? Cf]d]/ l;d]z / l;/fx 5g\ eg] Ps ljb]zL gful/ssf]
;gfvt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
3fOt]dWo] cfOtaf/ laxfg;Dd /fhwfgLsf] lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfndf b'O{, d]ufdf
!!, lu|gl;6Ldf !&, hgd}qLdf !!,
Uf|fG8Ldf % / Go'/f]df @ hgfsf] pkrf/ eO/x]sf] 5. ;fdfGo 3fOt] 8]9 bh{g
pkrf/kl5 kmls{;s]sf] 5g\.
Kxf8L e"agf]6 / %@ jif{ k'/fgf] ;fF3'/f] ;8sdf u'8]sf] a;df
IfdtfeGbf a9L ofq' /x]sf sf/0f lgoGq0f u'dfpFbf b'3{6gf ePsf] x'g ;Sg]
gfoa pk/LIfsn] kf}8]nn] atfP. l;6 IfdtfeGbf ofq' /x]sfn] ef/ yfDg g;Sbf b'3{6gf
x'g k'Uof] ;xrfns k|jL0f k'/Ln] eg]. Kf|x/Ln] lgoGq0fdf lnPsf @] ;xrfns k|jL0f
k'/L / k|sfz v8\sfnfO{ kf;fª Nxfd' a;;]jf ;ldltnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5. :jfdL
/fdb]j
Kf|f0ffofd, of]uf;g j Jofofd
Afaf /fdb]j ckg] of]u lzlj/f] d]+ lgDglnlvt cf7 k|sf/ s] Kf|f0ffofd
l;vft] x}+
!= cfEoGt/ Kf|f0ffofd ;] Kf|f0fjfo' cyf{t cfFS;Lhg sf] km]km8f]+ d]+
/St sf] z'4 s/g] sf dxTjk'0f{ sfo{ ;DkGg xf]tf x}. lhtgL b]/ ts cfFS;Lhg sf]
km]km8f]+ d]+ /x]uL ptgL xL clws sf]lzsfcf]+ sf lgdf{0f xf]uf.
@= el:qsf Kf|f0ffofd ;] ;fF;
n]g] sL ult lgoldt xf]tL x}. Ps ldg6 d]+ !@ af/ ;fF; n]g] sf cEof; l;4 s/ n]g]
;] sf]O{ eL JolSt !)) jif{ ts hLljt /x ;stf x}.
#= skfneflt Kf|f0ffofd km]km8f]+ ;] Kf|f0fjfo' sf] afx/ ws]ng] sf cEof;
s/jfof hftf x} P];f s/g] ;] dfgj z/L/ /rgf s] ;eL cfGtl/s c+u –OG6/gn
;f]km\6j]o/_ /f]ud'St xf]t] x} tyf Kf|f0ffofd s/g]jfn] s] d:ts - skfn_ k/ rds –
eflt _ cf hftL x}.
$= cg'nf]d ljnf]d Kf|f0ffofd d]+ gfs s] bf]gf] l5b|f] d]+ cbn abn s/
;fF; n]g] sf cEof; s/fof hftf x}. O;;] JolSt s] z/L/ sf tfkdfg lgolGqt /xtf x}.
cg'nf]d ljnf]d sf] lgoldt s/g] ;] JolSt
sf] seL a'vf/ xf] xL gxL ;stf. Ha xfyL h};f dxfsfo Kf|f0fL Os af/ s] a'vf/ d]+
d/ hftf x}. lkm/ dg'io sL Sof cf}sft.
%= afXo Kf|f0ffofd d]+ km]km8f] ;] ;fF; sf] k"/L t/x
afx/ lgsfn s/ & ;]s]08 ;] @! ;]s]08 ts cGb/ g cfg] sf cEof; s/fof hftf x}.
afXo Kf|f0ffofd ljoldt s/g] jfn] sL x|bo ult ?s eL hfo] tf] p;sL d[To' Ps bd
gxL+ xf] ;stL, s'5 ;do cjZo nu]uf. Lhg nf]uf] g] Oltxf; sf cWoog lsof x} pGx]+
;DejtM ox hfgsf/L xf]uL ls ;'k|l;4 :jtGqtf ;]gfgL /fd k|;fb lal:dn s] 8]y jf/06
d]+ :ki6 lnvf uof yf 6" aL x}+U8 l6n 8]y. Sof]+ls cFu|]h ox aft enL efFlt
hfgt] y] ls /fdk|;fb h]n d}+ k|ltlbg of]yfEof; s/t] x}+ ctM Ps em6s] d]+ Ogs]
k|f0f lgsng] jfn] gxL+. ;g\ !(@& s] afb ;eL s|flGtsfl/of]+ s] 8]y jf/06 d]+
ox jfSo :ki6 ?k ;] lnvgf clgjfo{ s/ lbof uof.
^= pHhfoL Kf|f0ffofd d]+ s07 sL gnL ;] ;fF; sf] cGb/ vLrg]
sf cEof; s/fof hftf x}. O;] k|ltlbg lgoldt s/g] jfn] sf] s07 sf sf]O{ eL /f]u
xf] xL gxL+ ;stf. O;;] :j/ dw'/ xf] hftf x} j yfFo/fo8 lgolGqt /xtf x}.
&= e|fd/L Kf|f0ffofd d]+ bf]gf] sfg sf] bf]gf]+
cFu"7f] ;] k"/L t/x aGb /vt] x'P th{{gL dfy] k/, dWodf bf]g]+ cfFvf]+
k/ tyf cgfldsf gfs s] pk/L efu k/ /vL hftL x}+ cf}/ cGb/ ;] cf] d\ sf/ sL Wjlg
cf] cf] cf]d\ P];] lgsfnL hftL x} h};] sfO{ e|d/ cfjfh s/tf x}. O;sf lg/Gt/
cEof; s/g] jfnf JolSt ckg] k"j{ hGd s] af/] d]+ hfg ;stf x} ls jx ls;
of]lg d]+ yf. O;;] Wofg nufg] sL zlSt eL cftL x}.
*=cf}/ clGtd pb\uLy Kf|f0ffofd ;a;] clws dxTjk"0f{ x}.
O;d]+ cfFv] aGb s/s] cf] d\ sf/ sL Wjlg sf] O; k|sf/ lgsfnt] x} ls cf]d\ s]
kxn] cIf/ cf] tyf b";/] cIf/ d\ d]+ tLg j Ps sf cg'kft /x], cyf{t olb cf]
sf] @! ;]s]08 ts cL+rgf x} tf] d\ sf]
& ;]s]08 nug] rflxo]. Cf] sf pRrf/0f
s/t] ;do xf]+7 v'n] j d\ s] pRrf/0f d]+ aGb /xg] rflxo]. Cf] sf pRrf/0f s/t]
;do xf]+7 v'n] j d\ s] O;sf lgoldt cEof; s/g] jfnf cfTdf hf] k|To]s k|f0fL d]+
lgjf; s/tf x}, k/dfTdf ;] ;Lwf h'8 hftf x}. lkm/ rfx] s'5 eL xf] hfo] k/dfTdf
p;sL /Iff s/tf xL x}.
Kf|f0ffofd s] lgoldt cEof; ;] JolSt s] k|f0f cyf{t\ hLjg sf
cfofd cyf{t lj:tf/ xf]tf x}. ;fO+; eL O; aft sf] l;4 s/ r'sf x} ls ;Dk"0f{
dfgj z/L/ sO{ nfv s/f]8
-k/Gt' d]/]
ljrf/ s] b; z+v_ sf]lzsfcf]+ ;] ldns/ agf x} sof]+ls O;;] a8L lugtL xdf/] ul0ft
zf:q d] gxL x}. o} sflzsfo]+ k|ltkn gi6 xf]tL /xtL x} Kf|f0ffofd ;] k|To]s
sflzsf d]+ k|f0fjfo' sf of]u cyjf ;tt lj:tf/ xf]tf /xtf x} lh;;] lgoldt
Kf|f0ffofd s/g] jfn] sf hLjg ;'Gb/, ;'vb j ;'/lIft /xtf x}. p;sL csfn d[To'
gxL+ xf]tL jx k"0f{ cfo' sf] cf/fd ;] hLtf x}. p;s] dg d]+ sf]O{ tgfj gxL+
/xtf, p;] gL+b cR5L cftL x} cf}/ jx seL csf/0f s|f]w gxL+ s/tf, Sof]+ls csf/0f
s|f]w+ s/gf xL tf] ;f/] kfkf]+ j emu8f]+ sL h8 x}.
Kf|f0ffofd s cltl/St afaf of]uf;g j Jofofd s/g] sL ;/n
ljlwofF j p;;] xf]g] jfn] nfe sf] :jo+ s/s] ;demft] x}+. Lh; k|sf/ dg'io}t/
k|f0fL kz' kIfL sf]O{ bjfO{ gxL+ vft], j] ckgf Onfh ljleGg k|sf/ sL zf/Ll/s
d'b|fcf]+ d]+ yf]8L b]/ ts l:y/ /xs/ :jo+ s/ n]t] x}+. Afaf a8L ;/ntf /] pg
zf/Ll/s d'b|fcf]+ d]+ v8] /xs/, a}7s/ j n]6s/ ljleGg cf;gf]+ sf clek|fo j p;;]
xf]g] jfn] nfe ;demft] x}+. Kf|f0ffofd j cf;gf]+ s] of]u s] afb af/L cftL x}
Jofofd sL. Affaf /fdd"lt{ b08 a}7s s/s] ;demft] x}+ ls O; k|sf/ k|ltlbg
b08 a}7s nufg] ;] z/L/ jh| s] ;dfg dha"t xf] hftf x}. k|f]km];/
/fdd"lt{ gfo8" blIf0 ef/t s] ljZj ljVoft kxnjfg x'P x}+ lhGx]+ la|l6z
sfn d]+ sno'uL eLd sL pkdlw bL uoL yL. pGxf]+g]
r}g d'u', b'O{ rf/ lbgleq} sf6\g l7Ss ePsf] wfg zlgaf/sf]
cl;gfkfgLn] ;vfk kf/]sf] 5. Cl;gfkfgLsf] Ifltn] lhNnfdf ef]sd/L nfUg] ePsf] 5.
>Lgu/ uflj; r}g ufpFsL kbdfb]jL xdfnsf cg';f/ of] jif{ ef]sd/L nfUg] cj:yf
cfPsf]] 5.
Kfs]sf] wfg sf6]/ 3/sf] esf/Ldf /fVg] a]nf cl;gfn] ;a}
emfof]{. emG8} % /f]kgL v]tsf] wfg emf/]/ k/fndfq afFsL /x]sf] pgn] atfOg\. Ut
jif{ #% d'/L kmNof] pgn] elgg\, of] k6s emg} /fd|f] kmn]sf] lyof]. $) d'/L x'g]
cfzf /fv]sf
Lyof}. t/ Ps d'7L wfg leq\ofpg gkfOg] eof]. v]tlt/ x]bf{ ?g
dg nfU5.
;f]daf/ wfg sf6\g xFl;of / v]tfnf tof/ kf/]sL r}gs} /Tgb]jL
dNnsf] klg p:t} cj:yf 5. Pgn] elgg\, cl;gfn] af]6df Ps u]8f klg g/fvL emfof{].
Ca s] vfP/ afFRg]. Zlgaf/ ck/fXg PSsfl; k/]sf] cl;gfn] >Lgu/ sfsL{af8fsf] sl/a
( ;o x]S6/ v]tdf k/fn dfq /fv]kl5 * ;o kl/jf/ vfb\o ;+s6df kg]{ ePsf x'g\.
>Lgu/ sfsL{af8fdf dfq sl/a * ;o d]l6\/s bgeGbf a9L wfg
Iflt ePsf]
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